Roman Republic and Roman Empire: Rulers

Roman Republic and Roman Empire: Rulers

Roman Republic

• Cato the Elder, statesman (234–149 B.C.)
• Gracchi, (Tiberius Sempronius Graccus [d. 133B.C.] and Caius Sempronius Gracchus [d. 121 B.C.], statesmen and social reformers
• Caius Marius, general and consul (157–86 B.C.)
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla, general and consul (138–78 B.C.)
• Pompey, general and member of First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Crassus (106–48B.C.)
• Marcus Licinius Crassus, member of First Triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey (d. 53 B.C.)
• Cato the Younger, statesman (95–46 B.C.)
• Julius Caesar, general and statesman (100?–44 B.C.)
• Marc Antony, politician and soldier, member of Second Triumvirate with Lepidus and Octavian (Augustus) (83–30 B.C.)
• Lepidus, member of Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Octavian (d. 13 B.C.)

Roman Empire

• Augustus, (Octavian) first emperor, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, (27 B.C.–A.D. 14)
• Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, (14–37)
• Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius (37–41)
• Claudius, uncle of Caligula (41–54)
• Nero, stepson of Claudius (54–68)
• Galba, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (68–69)
• Otho, military commander (69)
• Vitellius, military commander (69)
• Vespasian, military commander (69–79)
• Titus, son of Vespasian (79–81)
• Domitian, son of Vespasian (81–96)
• Nerva, elected interim ruler (96-98)
• Trajan, adopted son of Nerva (98–117)
• Hadrian, ward of Trajan (117–138)
• Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian (138–161)
• Marcus Aurelius, adopted by Antoninus Pius (161–180)
• Lucius Verus, adopted by Antoninus Pius; ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius (161–169)
• Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius (180–192)
• Pertinax, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard (193)
• Didius Julianus, bought office from the Praetorian Guard (193)
• Severus, proclaimed emperor (193–211)
• Caracalla, son of Severus (211–217)
• Geta, son of Severus, ruled jointly with Caracalla (211–212)
• Macrinus, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers (217–18)
• Heliogabalus, cousin of Caracalla (218–222)
• Alexander Severus, cousin of Heliogabalus (222–235)
• Maximin, proclaimed emperor by soldiers, (235–238)
• Gordian I, made emperor by the senate (238)
• Gordian II, son of Gordian I, ruled jointly with his father (238)
• Balbinus, elected joint emperor by the senate (238)
• Pupienus Maximus, elected joint emperor with Balbinus by the senate (238)
• Gordian III, son of Gordian II (238–244)
• Philip (the Arabian), assassin of Gordian III (244–249)
• Decius, proclaimed emperor by the soldiers (249–2251)
• Hostilianus, son of Decius, colleague of Gallus (251)
• Gallus, military commander (251–253)
• Aemilianus, military commander (253)
• Valerian, military commander (253–260)
• Gallienus, son of Valerian, coemperor with his father and later sole emperor (253–268)
• Claudius II, military commander (268–270)
• Aurelian, chosen by Claudius II as successor (270–275)
• Tacitus, chosen by the senate (275–276)
• Florianus, half brother of Tacitus (276)
• Probus, military commander (276–282)
• Carus, proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard (282–283)
• Carinus, son of Carus (283–285)
• Numerianus, son of Carus, joint emperor with Carinus (283–284)
• Diocletian, military commander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with Maximian and Constantius I 284–305)
• Maximian, appointed joint emperor by Diocletian (286–305)
• Constantius I, joint emperor and successor of Diocletian (305–306)
• Galerius, joint emperor with Constantius I (305–310)
• Maximin, nephew of Galerius (308–313)
• Licinius, appointed emperor in the West by Galerius; later emperor in the East (308–324)
• Maxentius, son of Maximian (306–312)
• Constantine I (the Great), son of Constantius I (306–337)
• Constantine II, son of Constantine I (337–340)
• Constans, son of Constantine I (337–350)
• Constantius II, son of Constantine I (337–361)
• Magnentius, usurped Constans' throne, (350–353)
• Julian (the Apostate), nephew of Constantine I (361–363)
• Jovian, elected by the army (363–364)
• Valentinian I, proclaimed by the army; ruled in the West (364–375)
• Valens, brother of Valentinian I; ruled in the East (364–378)
• Gratian, son of Valentinian I; coruler in the West with Valentinian II (375–383)
• Maximus, usurper in the West (383–388)
• Valentinian II, son of Valentinian I, ruler of the West (375–392)
• Eugenius, usurper in the West (393–394)
• Theodosius I (the Great), appointed ruler of the East (379–395) by Gratian; last ruler of united empire (394–395)

Emperors in the East

• Arcadius, son of Theodosius I (395–408)
• Theodosius II, son of Arcadius, (408–450)
• Marcian, brother-in-law of Theodosius II (450–457)
• Leo I, chosen by the senate (457–474)
• Leo II, grandson of Leo I (474)
• Zeno (474–475)
• Basilicus (475–476)

Emperors in the West

• Honorius, son of Theodosius (395–423)
• Maximus, usurper in Spain (409–411)
• Constantius III, named joint emperor by Honorius (421)
• Valentinian III, nephew of Honorius and son of Constantius III (425–455)
• Petronius Maximus, bought office by bribery (455)
• Avitus, placed in office by Goths (455–456)
• Majorian, puppet emperor of Ricimer (457–461)
• Libius Severus, puppet emperor of Ricimer (461–465)
• Anthemius, appointed by Ricimer and Leo I (467–472)
• Olybrius, appointed by Ricimer (472–473)
• Glycerius, appointed by Leo I (473–474)
• Julius Nepos, appointed by Leo I (474–475)
• Romulus Augustulus, put in office by Orestes, his father (474–476)