Chemical Elements Table

Updated February 21, 2017 | Factmonster Staff Updated by an Factmonster Editor on February 21, 2017

See the interactive periodic table.

Element	Sym- bol	Atomic no.	Atomic wt.	Specific gravity	Melting point °C	Boiling point °C	No. of isotopes¹	Discoverer	Year
Actinium	Ac	89	227²	10.07³	1051	3198	11	Debierne/Giesel	1899/1902
Aluminum	Al	13	26.981538	2.6989	660.32	2519	8	Wöhler	1827
Americium	Am	95	243²	13.67	1176	2011	13⁴	Seaborg et al.	1944
Antimony	Sb	51	121.76	6.61	630.63	1587	29	Early historic times	—
Argon	Ar	18	39.948	1.7837⁵	-189.35	-185.85	8	Rayleigh and Ramsay	1894
Arsenic (gray)	As	33	74.9216	5.73	817	603	14	Albertus Magnus	1250
Astatine	At	85	210²	—	302	—	21	Corson et al.	1940
Barium	Ba	56	137.327	3.5	727	1897	25	Davy	1808
Berkelium	Bk	97	247²	14.00⁶	1050 (α form)	—	8⁴	Seaborg et al.	1949
Beryllium	Be	4	9.012182	1.848	1287	2471	6	Vauquelin	1798
Bismuth	Bi	83	208.98038	9.747	271.40	1564	19	Geoffroy the Younger	1753
Bohrium	Bh	107	264²	—	—	—	—	Armbruster and Münzenberg	1981
Boron	B	5	10.811	2.37⁷	2075	4000	6	Gay-Lussac and Thénard; Davy	1808
Bromine	Br	35	79.904	3.12⁵	-7.2	58.8	19	Balard	1826
Cadmium	Cd	48	112.411	8.65	321.07	767	22	Stromeyer	1817
Calcium	Ca	20	40.078	1.55	842	1484	14	Davy	1808
Californium	Cf	98	251²	—	900	—	12⁴	Seaborg et al.	1950
Carbon	C	6	12.0107	1.8–3.5⁸	4492 (graphite)	3825	7	Prehistoric	—
Cerium	Ce	58	140.116	6.771	798	3443	19	Berzelius and Hisinger; Klaproth	1803
Cesium	Cs	55	132.90545	1.873	28.5	671	22	Bunsen and Kirchoff	1860
Chlorine	Cl	17	35.453	1.56⁵	-101.5	-34.04	11	Scheele	1774
Chromium	Cr	24	51.9961	7.18-7.20	1907	2671	9	Vauquelin	1797
Cobalt	Co	27	58.9332	8.9	1495	2927	14	Brandt	c.1735
Copper	Cu	29	63.546	8.96	1084.62	2562	11	Prehistoric	—
Curium	Cm	96	247²	13.51³	1345	3100	13⁴	Seaborg et al.	1944
Darmstadtium	Ds	110	281²	—	—	—	—	S. Hofmann et al.	1994
Dubnium	Db	105	262²	—	—	—	—	Ghiorso et al.	1970
Dysprosium	Dy	66	162.5	8.540	1412	2567	21	de Boisbaudran	1886
Einsteinium	Es	99	252²	—	860	—	12⁴	Ghiorso et al.	1952
Erbium	Er	68	167.259	9.045	1529	2868	16	Mosander	1843
Europium	Eu	63	151.964	5.283	822	1529	21	Demarcay	1901
Fermium	Fm	100	257²	—	1527	—	10⁴	Ghiorso et al.	1953
Fluorine	F	9	18.9984032	1.108⁵	-219.67	-188.12	6	Moissan	1886
Francium	Fr	87	223²	—	27	—	21	Perey	1939
Gadolinium	Gd	64	157.25	7.898	1313	3273	17	de Marignac	1880
Gallium	Ga	31	69.723	5.904	29.76	2204	14	de Boisbaudran	1875
Germanium	Ge	32	72.64	5.323	938.25	2833	17	Winkler	1886
Gold	Au	79	196.96655	19.32	1064.18	2856	21	Prehistoric	—
Hafnium	Hf	72	178.49	13.31	2233	4603	17	Coster and von Hevesy	1923
Hassium	Hs	108	277²	—	—	—	—	Armbruster and Münzenberg	1983
Helium	He	2	4.002602	0.1785⁵	-272.2	-268.934	5	Janssen	1868
Holmium	Ho	67	164.93032	8.781	1474	2700	29	Delafontaine and Soret	1878
Hydrogen	H	1	1.00794	0.070⁵	-259.34	-252.87	3	Cavendish	1766
Indium	In	49	114.818	7.31	156.60	2072	34	Reich and Richter	1863
Iodine	I	53	126.90447	4.93	113.7	184.4	24	Courtois	1811
Iridium	Ir	77	192.217	22.42	2446	4428	25	Tennant	1804
Iron	Fe	26	55.845	7.894	1538	2861	10	Prehistoric	—
Krypton	Kr	36	83.8	3.733⁵	-157.38	-153.22	23	Ramsay and Travers	1898
Lanthanum	La	57	138.9055	6.166	918	3464	19	Mosander	1839
Lawrencium	Lr	103	262²	—	1627	—	20⁴	Ghiorso et al.	1961
Lead	Pb	82	207.2	11.35	327.46	1749	29	Prehistoric	—
Lithium	Li	3	6.941	0.534	180.50	1342	5	Arfvedson	1817
Lutetium	Lu	71	174.967	9.835	1663	3402	22	Urbain/ von Welsbach	1907
Magnesium	Mg	12	24.305	1.738	650	1090	8	Black	1755
Manganese	Mn	25	54.938049	7.21–7.44⁹	1246	2061	11	Gahn, Scheele, and Bergman	1774
Meitnerium	Mt	109	268²	—	—	—	—	GSI, Darmstadt, West Germany	1982
Mendelevium	Md	101	258²	—	827	—	3⁴	Ghiorso et al.	1955
Mercury	Hg	80	200.59	13.546	-38.83	356.73	26	Prehistoric	—
Molybdenum	Mo	42	95.94	10.22	2623	4639	20	Scheele	1778
Neodymium	Nd	60	144.24	6.80 & 7.004¹⁰	1021	3074	16	von Welsbach	1885
Neon	Ne	10	20.1797	0.89990 (g/10°C/1 atm)	-248.59	-246.08	8	Ramsay and Travers	1898
Neptunium	Np	93	237²	20.25	644		15⁴	McMillan and Abelson	1940
Nickel	Ni	28	58.6934	8.902	1455	2913	11	Cronstedt	1751
Niobium (Columbium)	Nb	41	92.90638	8.57	2477	4744	24	Hatchett	1801
Nitrogen	N	7	14.0067	0.808⁵	-210.00	-195.79	8	Rutherford	1772
Nobelium	No	102	259²	—	827	—	7⁴	Ghiorso et al.	1958
Osmium	Os	76	190.23	22.57	3033	5012	19	Tennant	1803
Oxygen	O	8	15.9994	1.14⁵	-218.79	-182.95	8	Priestley/Scheele	1774
Palladium	Pd	46	106.42	12.02	1554.9	2963	21	Wollaston	1803
Phosphorous (white)	P	15	30.973761	1.82	44.15	280.5	7	Brand	1669
Platinum	Pt	78	195.078	21.45	1768.4	3825	32	Ulloa/Wood	1735/1741
Plutonium	Pu	94	244²	19.84	640	3228	16⁴	Seaborg et al.	1940
Polonium	Po	84	209²	9.32	254	962	34	Curie	1898
Potassium	K	19	39.0983	0.862	63.5	759	10	Davy	1807
Praseodymium	Pr	59	140.90765	6.772	931	3520	15	von Welsbach	1885
Promethium	Pm	61	145²	—	1042	3000	14	Marinsky et al.	1945
Protactinium	Pa	91	231.03588	15.37³	1572	—	14	Hahn and Meitner	1917
Radium	Ra	88	226²	5.0?	700	—	15	Pierre and Marie Curie	1898
Radon	Rn	86	222²	4.4⁵	-71	-61.7	20	Dorn	1900
Rhenium	Re	75	186.207	21.02	3186	5596	21	Noddack, Berg, and Tacke	1925
Rhodium	Rh	45	102.9055	12.41	1964	3695	20	Wollaston	1803
Roentgenium¹⁰	Rg	111	272²	—	—	—	—	Hofmann et al.	1994
Rubidium	Rb	37	85.4678	1.532	39.30	688	20	Bunsen and Kirchoff	1861
Ruthenium	Ru	44	101.07	12.44	2334	4150	16	Klaus	1844
Rutherfordium	Rf	104	261²	—	—	—	—	Ghiorso et al.	1969
Samarium	Sm	62	150.36	7.536	1074	1794	17	Boisbaudran	1879
Scandium	Sc	21	44.95591	2.989	1541	2836	15	Nilson	1878
Seaborgium	Sg	106	266²	—	—	—	—	Ghiorso et al.	1974
Selenium (gray)	Se	34	78.96	4.79	220.5	685	20	Berzelius	1817
Silicon	Si	14	28.0855	2.33	1414	3265	8	Berzelius	1824
Silver	Ag	47	107.8682	10.5	961.78	2162	27	Prehistoric	—
Sodium	Na	11	22.98977	0.971	97.80	883	7	Davy	1807
Strontium	Sr	38	87.62	2.54	777	1382	18	Davy	1808
Sulfur	S	16	32.065	2.07¹⁰	95.3 (rhombic)	444.60	10	Prehistoric	—
Tantalum	Ta	73	180.9479	16.654	3017	5458	19	Ekeberg	1801
Technetium	Tc	43	98²	11.50³	2157	4265	23	Perrier and Segré	1937
Tellurium	Te	52	127.60	6.24	449.51	988	29	von Reichenstein	1782
Terbium	Tb	65	158.92534	8.234	1356	3230	24	Mosander	1843
Thallium	Tl	81	204.3833	11.85	304	1473	28	Crookes	1861
Thorium	Th	90	232.0381	11.72	1750	4788	12	Berzelius	1828
Thulium	Tm	69	168.93421	9.314	1545	1950	18	Cleve	1879
Tin (white)	Sn	50	118.71	7.31	231.93	2602	28	Prehistoric	—
Titanium	Ti	22	47.867	4.55	1668	3287	9	Gregor	1791
Tungsten	W	74	183.84	19.3	3422	5555	22	J. and F. d'Elhuyar	1783
Uranium	U	92	238.02891	19.05	1135	4131	15	Peligot	1841
Vanadium	V	23	50.9415	6.11	1910	3407	9	del Rio	1801
Xenon	Xe	54	131.293	3.52⁵	-111.79	-108.12	31	Ramsay and Travers	1898
Ytterbium	Yb	70	173.04	6.972	819	1196	16	Marignac	1878
Yttrium	Y	39	88.90585	4.457	1522	3345	21	Gadolin	1794
Zinc	Zn	30	65.39	7.133	419.5	907	15	Prehistoric	—
Zirconium	Zr	40	91.224	6.506³	1855	4409	20	Klaproth	1789

NOTES: Elements 112, 113, 114, 115, and 116 are under review and are thus not included. approximately means “approximately.” < means “less than.”

1. Isotopes are different forms of the same element having the same atomic number but different atomic weights.

2. Mass number of the longest-lived isotope that is known.

3. Calculated figure.

4. Artificially produced.

5. Liquid.

6. Estimated.

7. Amorphous.

8. Depending on whether amorphous, graphite, or diamond.

9. Depending on allotropic form.

10. In 2004, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry named element 111 Roentgenium after the discoverer of x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen.

The Chemical Elements

General Science

The Periodic Table

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