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closed shop and open shop

(Encyclopedia) closed shop and open shop. The term “closed shop” is used to signify an establishment employing only members of a labor union. The union shop, a closely allied term, indicates a…

ether, in physics and astronomy

(Encyclopedia) ether or aether, in physics and astronomy, a hypothetical medium for transmitting light and heat (radiation), filling all unoccupied space; it is also called luminiferous ether. In…

European Coal and Steel Community

(Encyclopedia) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 1st treaty organization of what has become the European Union; established by the Treaty of Paris (1952). It is also known as the Schuman Plan…

Emmanuel, Byzantine and Portuguese rulers

(Encyclopedia) Emmanuel. For Byzantine and Portuguese rulers thus named, use Manuel.

exile, in politics and government

(Encyclopedia) exile, removal of a national from his or her country, or the civilized parts of it, for a long period of time or for life. Exile may be a forceful expulsion by the government or a…

Amazon, river, Peru and Brazil

(Encyclopedia) Amazon, Port. AmazonasAmazon,ämäzōˈnəs [key], world's second longest river, c.3,900 mi (6,280 km) long, formed by the junction in N Peru's Andes Mts. of two major headstreams, the…

Ishim, river, Russia and Kazakhstan

(Encyclopedia) Ishim, river, c.1,130 mi (1,819 km) long, W Siberian Russia and Kazakhstan. It rises N of Qaraghandy in Kazakhstan (where it is known as the Esil), flows W past Atbasar, N past…