(Encyclopedia) Raymond IV, c.1038–1105, count of Toulouse (1093–1105), leader in the First Crusade (see Crusades). He was also count of Saint Gilles and marquis of Provence. The first great prince to…
(Encyclopedia) Reginald of ChâtillonReginald of ChâtillonshätēyôNˈ [key], d. 1187, Crusader, lord of Krak and Montreal in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. He came to the Holy Land in the Second…
(Encyclopedia) Theodosius II, 401–50, Roman emperor of the East (408–50), son and successor of Arcadius. He preferred the study of theology and astronomy to public affairs, which he left to the…
(Encyclopedia) Philip I (Philip the Handsome), 1478–1506, Spanish king of Castile (1506), archduke of Austria, titular duke of Burgundy, son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy.…
(Encyclopedia) EsteEsteĕsˈtā [key], Italian noble family, rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597) and of Modena (1288–1796) and celebrated patrons of the arts during the Renaissance. Probably of Lombard origin…
(Encyclopedia)
CE5
titles, terms used to designate degrees of sovereignty, nobility, and honor.
In the Muslim world the temporal successors of Muhammad received the title caliph (literally, “…
The Columbia Encyclopedia is easy to use. All articles are arranged alphabetically with each article heading in boldface type. The headings of biographical articles are inverted and alphabetized by…
WHO CONTROLLED CHINA AFTER THE REVOLUTION? WHO WON THE STRUGGLE? WHAT WAS “NEW CHINA”? CULTURAL REVOLUTIONFIND OUT MOREBy the late 19th century, the Chinese Empire was growing weak, and foreign…
The uncertain origins of a foolish day
by David Johnson and Shmuel Ross
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