(Encyclopedia) closed shop and open shop. The term “closed shop” is used to signify an establishment employing only members of a labor union. The union shop, a closely allied term, indicates a…
(Encyclopedia) Mill Springs, village, on the Cumberland River, S of Frankfort, SE Ky.; site of the opening battle of the Kentucky-Tennessee campaign of the Civil War and the first important Union…
(Encyclopedia) Cushman, Pauline, 1835–93, Union spy in the Civil War, b. New Orleans. She became an actress at 18 in New York City. In 1863 she was banished to Confederate lines as a supposed…
(Encyclopedia) Change to Win Federation, coalition of seven labor unions representing primarily American workers. It was founded in 2005 as the Change to Win Coalition by five American Federation of…
This table provides the name and state of the women currently serving in the 111th Congress (which began in 2009). There are 77 women in the House of Representatives and 17 women in the Senate…
(Encyclopedia) Citrine, Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st BaronCitrine, Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st Baronsĭtrēnˈ [key], 1887–1983, English trade union leader. An electrician, he became district secretary…
(Encyclopedia) Fraser, Douglas Andrew, 1916–2008, American labor leader, b. Glasgow, Scotland. His family emigrated to the United States when he was a child and settled in Detroit, where he began his…
(Encyclopedia) Solidarity, Polish independent trade union federation formed in Sept., 1980. Led by Lech Wałęsa, it grew rapidly in size and political power and soon posed a threat to Poland's…
(Encyclopedia) Danbury Hatters' Case, decided in 1908 by the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1902 the hatters' union instituted a nationwide boycott of the products of a nonunion hat manufacturer in Danbury,…
