(Encyclopedia) Pius VII, 1740–1823, pope (1800–1823), an Italian named Barnaba Chiaramonti, b. Cesena; successor of Pius VI, who had created him cardinal in 1785. He conducted himself ably during the…
(Encyclopedia) Las Cases, Emmanuel, comte deLas Cases, Emmanuel, comte deĕmänüĕlˈ kôNt də läs käz [key], 1766–1842, French historian. He accompanied Napoleon into exile to St. Helena, where the…
(Encyclopedia) Bignon, Louis Pierre ÉdouardBignon, Louis Pierre Édouardlwē pyĕr ādwärˈ bēnyôNˈ [key], 1771–1841, French diplomat and historian. He held diplomatic posts under Napoleon, was acting…
(Encyclopedia) EugénieEugéniey&oomacr;jēˈnē, Fr. özhānēˈ [key], 1826–1920, empress of the French (1853–70), consort of Napoleon III. Born in Spain, she was christened Eugenia María de Montijo de…
(Encyclopedia) Müller, Johannes vonMüller, Johannes vonyōhäˈnəs fən mülˈər [key], 1752–1809, Swiss historian. He spent much of his life in Germany, where he held political posts under the elector of…
(Encyclopedia) Continental System, scheme of action adopted by Napoleon I in his economic warfare with England from 1806 to 1812. Economic warfare had been carried on before 1806, but the system…
(Encyclopedia) Canrobert, François CertainCanrobert, François CertainfräNswäˈ sĕrtăNˈ käNrôbĕrˈ [key], 1809–95, marshal of France. After brilliant service in Africa, he returned to Paris and aided…
(Encyclopedia) Poniatowski, Józef Anton, PrincePoniatowski, Józef Anton, Princey&oomacr;ˈzĕf änˈtôn pônyätôfˈskē [key], 1763–1813, Polish general and marshal of France; nephew of Stanislaus II.…
(Encyclopedia) Dąbrowski, Jan HenrykDąbrowski, Jan Henrykyän hĕnˈrĭk dôNbrôfˈskē [key], 1755–1818, Polish general. He distinguished himself in the insurrection led by Kosciusko in 1794. After its…
BRUMM, George Franklin, (son of Charles Napoleon Brumm), a Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Minersville, Schuylkill County, Pa., January 24, 1880; attended the common schools of…
