(Encyclopedia) Martin IV, d. 1285, pope (1281–85), a Frenchman named Simon de Brie; successor of Nicholas III. He was chancellor under Louis IX of France and was created cardinal by Urban IV. He was…
(Encyclopedia) boyarsboyarsbōyärzˈ [key], upper nobility in Russia from the 10th through the 17th cent. The boyars originally obtained influence and government posts through their military support of…
(Encyclopedia) Biron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonBiron or Biren, Ernst Johann vonĕrnst yōhänˈ fən bēˈrôn, bēˈrən [key], 1690–1772, duke of Courland (1737–43, 1763–69), favorite of Czarina Anna of…
(Encyclopedia) Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron Brougham and VauxBrougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron Brougham and Vauxbr&oomacr;m, vôz, vôks [key], 1778–1868, British statesman, b. Edinburgh. As a…
HEWITT, Abram Stevens, a Representative from New York; born in Haverstraw, N.Y., July 31, 1822; attended the public schools of New York City and was graduated from Columbia College in 1842;…
PACHECO, Romualdo, a Representative from California; born in Santa Barbara, Calif., October 31, 1831; was instructed by private tutors; engaged in nautical pursuits and subsequently in…
(Encyclopedia) Finelli, GiulianoFinelli, Giulianoj&oomacr;lyäˈnō fēnĕlˈlē [key], 1605–57, Italian sculptor. Working as assistant to Bernini, Finelli rejected the baroque aesthetic and adopted a…
(Encyclopedia) Andrew, Saint [Gr.,=manly], in the New Testament, one of the Twelve Apostles, brother of Peter. According to tradition he was a missionary in Asia Minor, Macedonia, and S Russia.…
