(Encyclopedia) Leo IV, Saint, d. 855, pope (847–55), a Roman; successor of Sergius II. He had seen the Saracen attack on Rome (846), and to prevent its recurrence he fortified the city and its…
(Encyclopedia) Leo IX, Saint, 1002–54, pope (1049–54), a German named Bruno of Toul, b. Alsace; successor of Damasus II. A relative of Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, he was educated at Toul and was…
The Columbia Encyclopedia is easy to use. All articles are arranged alphabetically with each article heading in boldface type. The headings of biographical articles are inverted and alphabetized by…
(Encyclopedia) Martin IV, d. 1285, pope (1281–85), a Frenchman named Simon de Brie; successor of Nicholas III. He was chancellor under Louis IX of France and was created cardinal by Urban IV. He was…
(Encyclopedia) Martin V, 1368–1431, pope (1417–31), a Roman named Oddone Colonna; successor of Gregory XII. He was created cardinal by Innocent VII, and in the schism (see Schism, Great) he attended…
(Encyclopedia) Cauchon, PierreCauchon, Pierrepyĕr kōshôNˈ [key], d. 1442, bishop of Beauvais, France, president of the ecclesiastic court that convicted (1431) Joan of Arc at Rouen. His violent…
Complete translations of the Iliad and Odyssey Iliad, Pope translation Verse translation. Alexander Pope (1688–1744) translated both the Iliad and the Odyssey into heroic couplets. Pope…
