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Tilly, Johannes Tserklaes, count of

(Encyclopedia) Tilly, Johannes Tserklaes, count ofTilly, Johannes Tserklaes, count ofyōhänˈəs tsĕrkläsˈ tĭlˈē [key], 1559–1632, general in Bavarian and later imperial service during the Thirty Years…

Leap Year Explained

Leap years synchronize the calendar year with the solar year by Ann Marie Imbornoni & Mark Hughes Related Links Leap Year 101 History of the Calendar History of…

How to Use The Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia is easy to use. All articles are arranged alphabetically with each article heading in boldface type. The headings of biographical articles are inverted and alphabetized by…

Movies and Film: A Few Young Men

A Few Young MenMovies and FilmGermany's Film HistoryGermany's Greatest -IsmHitler's Hired HelpA Few Young MenRoads Not Taken: Film in East GermanyUnification and Beyond The most crucial moment in…

mezzotint

(Encyclopedia) mezzotintmezzotintmĕtˈsətĭnt, mĕdˈzə–, mĕzˈə– [key] [Ital.,=halftint], method of copper or steel engraving in tone. A Dutch officer, Ludwig von Siegen, is given credit for the…

Meiningen

(Encyclopedia) MeiningenMeiningenmīnˈĭng-ən [key], city (1994 pop. 24,589), Thuringia, E central Germany, on the Werra River. Manufactures include textiles, paper, and metal products; there is an…

meistersinger

(Encyclopedia) meistersingermeistersingermīˈstərsĭngˌər, Ger. mīˈshtərzĭngˌər [key] [Ger.,=mastersinger], a member of one of the musical and poetic guilds that flourished in German cities during the…

Marie Louise

(Encyclopedia) Marie Louise, 1791–1847, empress of the French (1810–15) as consort of Napoleon I and duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla (1816–47), daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (…

Marne, battle of the

(Encyclopedia) Marne, battle of the, two important battles of World War I that are named for the Marne River. In the first battle (Sept. 6–9, 1914) the German advance on Paris was halted at the Marne…