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Ayub Khan, Muhammad

(Encyclopedia) Ayub Khan, MuhammadAyub Khan, Muhammadməhămˈĭd äˈy&oobreve;b kän [key], 1907–74, military leader and president (1958–69) of Pakistan. He was commissioned in the British Indian army…

Michael II, Byzantine emperor

(Encyclopedia) Michael II (Michael the Stammerer), d. 829, Byzantine emperor (820–29). A native of Phrygia, he fought with Emperor Leo V, whom he had helped gain the throne. Leo had him arrested for…

Louis II, French king

(Encyclopedia) Louis II or Louis the Stammerer, 846–79, French king. He succeeded (877) his father, Emperor of the West Charles II, as king. On Louis's death his kingdom was divided between his sons…

Medici, Cosimo II de'

(Encyclopedia) Medici, Cosimo II de', 1590–1621, grand duke of Tuscany (1609–21); son and successor of Ferdinand I de' Medici. Although Cosimo played a role in the War of the Mantuan Succession, he…

Medici, Ferdinand II de'

(Encyclopedia) Medici, Ferdinand II de', 1610–70, grand duke of Tuscany (1620–70); son and successor of Cosimo II de' Medici. A pupil of Galileo, he founded (1657) the Accademia del Cimento, the…

Manuel II, Byzantine emperor

(Encyclopedia) Manuel II (Manuel Palaeologus), 1350–1425, Byzantine emperor (1391–1425), son and successor of John V. In his youth he was taken captive by the Turks, and during his reign the Ottomans…