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Bernhardi, Friedrich von

(Encyclopedia)Bernhardi, Friedrich von frēˈdrĭkh fən bĕrnhärˈdē [key], 1849–1930, German general and military writer. His book Germany and the Next War (1912, tr. 1912) was widely publicized by the Allies...

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm

(Encyclopedia)Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm frēdˈrĭkh vĭlˈhĕlm bĕsˈəl [key], 1784–1846, German astronomer and mathematician. He became (1810) director of the new observatory at Königsberg and professor of a...

Germain, Sophie

(Encyclopedia)Germain, Sophie sôfēˈ zhĕrmăNˈ [key], 1776–1831, French mathematician. Although self-taught, she mastered mathematics and corresponded with J. L. Lagrange and C. F. Gauss. She is known especia...

Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob

(Encyclopedia)Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob kärl go͝osˈtäf yäˈkôp yäkôˈbē [key], 1804–51, German mathematician. He was an outstanding teacher and was professor of mathematics at Königsberg (1827–42) and...

Almquist, Carl Jonas Love

(Encyclopedia)Almquist, Carl Jonas Love kärl yo͞oˈnäs lo͞oˈvə älmˈkvĭst [key], 1793–1866, Swedish writer. He was one of the few Swedish authors developing the novel in the period 1830–50. At first a s...

Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel

(Encyclopedia)Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel bäkh [key], 1714–88, German composer; second son of J. S. Bach, his only teacher. While harpsichordist at the court of Frederick the Great, where his chief duty for 28 y...

Van Doren, Carl (Clinton)

(Encyclopedia)Van Doren, Carl (Clinton), 1885–1950, American editor and author, b. Hope, Vermilion co., Ill., grad. Univ. of Illinois, 1907, Ph.D. Columbia, 1911; brother of Mark Van Doren. He lectured at Columbi...

kindergarten

(Encyclopedia)kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary s...

Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig frēˈdrĭkh vĭlˈhĕlm lo͞odˈvĭkh līkhˈhärt [key], 1813–1848?, Prussian explorer of Australia. He led (1844–45) an expedition from Moreton Bay to Port ...

Logau, Friedrich, Freiherr von

(Encyclopedia)Logau, Friedrich, Freiherr von frēˈdrĭkh frīˈhĕr fən lōˈgou [key], 1604–55, German poet, b. Silesia. Influenced by Martin Opitz, Logau wrote epigrams in the contemporary fashion, bringing a...