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Spielhagen, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Spielhagen, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh shpēlˈhägən [key], 1829–1911, German novelist. His works, chiefly on social and political themes, include Problematische Naturen (1861, tr. Problematic Charact...

Friedrich Schiller University of Jena

(Encyclopedia)Friedrich Schiller University of Jena frēˈdrĭkh shĭlˈər, yāˈnə [key], at Jena, Germany; founded 1548 as an academy; became the Univ. of Jena 10 years later. The school gained an international...

Gegenbaur, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Gegenbaur, Karl kärl gāˈgənbour [key], 1826–1903, German anatomist. A professor at the universities of Jena (1855–73) and Heidelberg (1873–1901), he was influential as a teacher. He emphasiz...

Paulus, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Paulus, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh pouˈlo͝os [key], 1890–1957, German field marshal. He commanded the army at the siege of Stalingrad and was raised to marshal's rank several hours before his surrende...

Lamprecht, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Lamprecht, Karl kärl lämˈprĕkht [key], 1856–1915, German historian. Opposing the notion of heroes in history, he advocated a history based on broad social, cultural, and psychological trends. Hi...

Lützow, Adolf, Freiherr von

(Encyclopedia)Lützow, Adolf, Freiherr von äˈdôlf frīˈhĕr fən lüˈtsō [key], 1782–1834, Prussian officer. He commanded (1813–14) a volunteer corps, the Black Troops (or Black Rifles), in the War of Lib...

Rokitansky, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Rokitansky, Karl kärl rōkĭtänˈskē [key], 1804–78, Austrian pathologist, b. Bohemia. From 1834 to 1873 he taught pathological anatomy at the Univ. of Vienna. He performed over 30,000 autopsies ...

Brugmann, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Brugmann, Karl kärl bro͝okˈmän [key], 1849–1919, German philologist. A professor at Leipzig, Brugmann believed that scientific rules of linguistics do not admit of exceptions. With the help of o...

List, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)List, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh lĭst [key], 1789–1846, German economist. The first professor of economics at the Univ. of Tübingen, he was elected (1820) to the Württemberg legislature. For his advo...

Kraus, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Kraus, Karl kärl krous [key], 1874–1936, Austrian essayist and poet, b. Bohemia. His satirical review the Fackel lashed out at hypocrisy, intellectual corruption, and the machine age. His voluminou...