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International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes

(Encyclopedia)International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), specialized agency of the United Nations. A member of the World Bank Group (see International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmen...

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(Encyclopedia)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), international organization that came into being in 1961. It superseded the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, which had been ...

Malpass, David Robert

(Encyclopedia)Malpass, David Robert, 1956–, American government offical and finance executive, b. Petoskey, Mich., B.A. Colorado College, 1976, M.B.A. Univ. of Denver, 1978, fellow School of Foreign Service, Geor...

Mogae, Festus Gontebanye

(Encyclopedia)Mogae, Festus Gontebanye 1939–, Botswanan political leader, president of Botswana (1998–2008), b. Serowe. After studying economics at Sussex and Oxford universities, he returned to Botswana, where...

McCloy, John Jay

(Encyclopedia)McCloy, John Jay, 1895–1989, U.S. government official, b. Philadelphia. A lawyer, he gained an international reputation when after a long investigation he fixed responsibility on the German governme...

Reconstruction

(Encyclopedia)Reconstruction, 1865–77, in U.S. history, the period of readjustment following the Civil War. At the end of the Civil War, the defeated South was a ruined land. The physical destruction wrought by t...

Georgieva, Kristalina

(Encyclopedia)Georgieva, Kristalina (Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova), 1953–, Bulgarian economist. She studied at the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics (now the Univ. of National and World Economy) and ...

Bretton Woods Conference

(Encyclopedia)Bretton Woods Conference, name commonly given to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, held (July 1–22, 1944) at Bretton Woods, N.H., where 730 delegates representing 44 countries en...

Meyer, Eugene

(Encyclopedia)Meyer, Eugene, 1875–1959, American financier and newspaper publisher, b. Los Angeles. He was a successful broker and a director of many corporations. In 1917 he was appointed to guide American war p...

foreign aid

(Encyclopedia)foreign aid, economic, military, technical, and financial assistance given on an international, and usually intergovernmental level. U.S. foreign aid programs have included at least three different ob...