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Meinecke, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Meinecke, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh mīˈnĕkə [key], 1862–1954, German historian and intellectual figure. Educated at the Univ. of Berlin, he became a professor there in 1914 and directed (1893–193...

Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich

(Encyclopedia)Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich gāôrˈgē vəlyĭntyēˈnəvĭch plyĭkhäˈnəf [key], 1857–1918, Russian revolutionary and social philosopher. He was a leader in introducing Marxist theory to Ru...

Adler, H. G.

(Encyclopedia)Adler, H. G. (Hans Günther Adler) häns günˈtər ädˈlər [key], 1910–88, modernist author and Holocaust studies pioneer, b. Prague to a German Jewish family, studied Charles Univ. He and his fa...

Thomas, Norman Mattoon

(Encyclopedia)Thomas, Norman Mattoon, 1884–1968, American socialist leader, b. Marion, Ohio; grad. Princeton (1905), Union Theological Seminary (1911). He served as pastor of several Presbyterian churches and did...

Turati, Filippo

(Encyclopedia)Turati, Filippo, 1857–1932, Italian political leader. An advocate of a moderate, nonviolent form of socialism, Turati cofounded the Italian Socialist party in 1892. In 1926, threatened by the growin...

Jaurès, Jean

(Encyclopedia)Jaurès, Jean zhäN zhōrĕsˈ [key], 1859–1914, French Socialist leader and historian. A brilliant student and teacher, he entered the chamber of deputies in 1885 and subsequently became a Socialis...

Allende Gossens, Salvador

(Encyclopedia)Allende Gossens, Salvador sälväᵺōrˈ äyānˈdā gōˈsāns [key], 1908–73, president of Chile (1970–73). A physician, he helped found the Chilean Socialist party in 1933, was minister of hea...

Nyerere, Julius Kambarage

(Encyclopedia)Nyerere, Julius Kambarage kämˌbəräˈgā nīˌərāˈrā [key], c.1922–99, ...

Stern, Fritz Richard

(Encyclopedia)Stern, Fritz Richard, 1926–2016, American historian and educator, b. Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), grad. Columbia (B.A., 1946; M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1953). Although his family had converted ...

Bebel, August

(Encyclopedia)Bebel, August ouˈgo͝ost bāˈbəl [key], 1840–1913, German Socialist leader. A wood turner by trade, he became a Marxian Socialist under the influence of Wilhelm Liebknecht. At a congress at Eisen...