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Francis I, emperor of Austria

(Encyclopedia)Francis I, emperor of Austria: see Francis II, Holy Roman emperor. ...

Frederick Augustus I, 1670–1733, elector of Saxony

(Encyclopedia)Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony: see Augustus II, king of Poland. ...

Charles the Bald

(Encyclopedia)Charles the Bald, French king: see Charles II, emperor of the West. ...

Ferdinand V, Spanish king of Castile

(Encyclopedia)Ferdinand V, Spanish king of Castile: see Ferdinand II, king of Aragón. ...

Leopold I, grand duke of Tuscany

(Encyclopedia)Leopold I, grand duke of Tuscany: see Leopold II, Holy Roman emperor. ...

Carlton Club

(Encyclopedia)Carlton Club, British political and social club (founded 1832). Located in London, it was long the center of the Conservative party organization. Since World War II the club has been primarily social....

despotism

(Encyclopedia)despotism, government by an absolute ruler unchecked by effective constitutional limits to his power. In Greek usage, a despot was ruler of a household and master of its slaves. The title was applied ...

Constans I

(Encyclopedia)Constans I kŏnˈstănz [key], b. 320 or 323, d. 350, Roman emperor, youngest son of Constantine I. At his father's death in 337 he received Italy and Africa as well as Pannonia and Dacia, while his b...

Christian III

(Encyclopedia)Christian III, 1503–59, king of Denmark and Norway (1534–59). At the death of his father, Frederick I, his election was delayed because he was a Lutheran. The German city of Lübeck invaded Denmar...

Gelasius I, Saint

(Encyclopedia)Gelasius I, Saint jĭlāˈshēəs [key], d. 496, pope (492–96); successor of St. Felix III (also known as Felix II). He was a firm upholder of the papal supremacy in a dispute with Anastasius, the B...