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Mukwege, Denis

(Encyclopedia)Mukwege, Denis, 1955–, Congolese gynecologist and human-rights activist. He studied medicine at the Univ. of Burundi (grad. 1983) and worked as a pediatrician in a hospital in Lemera, Congo (Kinshas...

Appert, Nicolas

(Encyclopedia)Appert, Nicolas fräNswäˈ [key], 1750–1841, French originator of a method of canning. In 1795 the French government offered a prize of 12,000 francs for a method of preserving food, especially for...

Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich

(Encyclopedia)Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich mēkhəyĕlˈ əlyĭksänˈdrəvĭch shôˈləkhŏf [key], 1905–84, Russian novelist. Sholokhov won international fame for an epic novel of his native land, The Sil...

Horgan, Paul

(Encyclopedia)Horgan, Paul (Paul George Vincent O'Shaughnessy Horgan), 1903–95, American writer, b. Buffalo, N.Y. His diverse works reflect his fascination with the effects of history and landscape on people. Amo...

't Hooft, Gerardus

(Encyclopedia)'t Hooft, Gerardus, 1946–, Dutch theoretical physicist, Ph.D. Univ. of Utrecht, 1972. He has been a professor at the Univ. of Utrecht since 1977. 't Hooft shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with...

Domagk, Gerhard

(Encyclopedia)Domagk, Gerhard gĕrˈhärt dōˈmäk [key], 1895–1964, German chemist and pathologist. A teacher successively at the universities of Greifswald and Münster, he became (1927) director of research a...

Aleixandre, Vicente

(Encyclopedia)Aleixandre, Vicente vēthĕnˈtā älāhänˈdrā [key], 1898–1984, Spanish lyric poet. He won the national prize for literature for La destrucción o el amor (1935, tr. 1976) and the Nobel Prize in...

Prix de Rome, Grand

(Encyclopedia)Prix de Rome, Grand gräN prē də rôm [key], prize awarded annually by the French government, through competitive examination, to students of the fine arts. It entitles them to four years' study at ...

Bishop, John Michael

(Encyclopedia)Bishop, John Michael, 1936–, American biologist, b. York, Penn., M.D. Harvard, 1962. He worked (1964–68) as a researcher at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., before joining the f...

Merton, Robert Carhart

(Encyclopedia)Merton, Robert Carhart, 1944–, American economist, b. New York City, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970. He has taught at MIT (1970–88, 2010–) and Harvard (1988–2010). Merton in...