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Limann, Hilla

(Encyclopedia)Limann, Hilla hĭlˈə lēˈmän [key], 1934–98, president of Ghana (1979–81). In 1979, after seven years of military rule, Ghana's new military leader, Jerry Rawlings, handed over power to Limann...

Borten, Per

(Encyclopedia)Borten, Per pĕr bôrˈtôn [key], 1913–2005, Norwegian political leader and agronomist. Active in the agricultural administration and provincial government of Sør-Trøndelag (1946–65), he served...

Niyazov, Saparmurat

(Encyclopedia)Niyazov, Saparmurat säpärˈmo͞orätˌ nēyäˈzôf [key], 1940–2006, Soviet and Turkmen political leader, president of Turkmenistan (1991–2006). An engineer and member of the Communist party, h...

Sánchez Pérez-Castejón, Pedro

(Encyclopedia)Sánchez Pérez-Castejón, Pedro, 1972–, Spanish political leader, b. Madrid, Ph.D. Camilo José Cela Univ., 2012. A professor of economics and a member of the Socialist Workers party (PSOE), he ser...

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph

(Encyclopedia)Proudhon, Pierre Joseph pyĕr zhôzĕfˈ pro͞odhôNˈ [key], 1809–65, French social theorist. Of a poor family, Proudhon won an education through scholarships. Much of his later life was spent in p...

Blum, Léon

(Encyclopedia)Blum, Léon lāôNˈ blo͝om [key], 1872–1950, French Socialist leader and writer. Well established in literary circles, he entered politics during the Dreyfus Affair and rose to party leadership. I...

Stoph, Willi

(Encyclopedia)Stoph, Willi vĭlˈē shtôf [key], 1914–99, East German political leader. A member of the German Communist party from 1931, he helped build the East German Socialist Unity (Communist) party after W...

communism

(Encyclopedia)communism, fundamentally, a system of social organization in which property (especially real property and the means of production) is held in common. Thus, the ejido system of the indigenous people of...

Ayrault, Jean-Marc

(Encyclopedia)Ayrault, Jean-Marc zhäN-märk āˈrō [key], 1950–, French politician. The son of a textile worker, he graduated (1971) from Nantes Univ. Obtaining (1972) his teaching diploma, from 1973 to 1986 he...

Milošević, Slobodan

(Encyclopedia)Milošević, Slobodan slôbôˈdän mēlôˈshəvĭchˌ [key], 1941–2006, Yugoslav and Serbian political leader, president of Serbia (1989–97) and of Yugoslavia (1997–2000), b. Požarevac, Serbi...