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Bayes, Thomas

(Encyclopedia)Bayes, Thomas, 1702–61, English clergyman and mathematician. The son of a Nonconformist minister, he was privately educated and earned his livelihood as a minister to the Nonconformist community at ...

theism

(Encyclopedia)theism thēˈĭzəm [key], in theology and philosophy, the belief in a personal God. It is opposed to atheism and agnosticism and is to be distinguished from pantheism and deism (see deists). Unlike p...

Shaw, Anna Howard

(Encyclopedia)Shaw, Anna Howard, 1847–1919, American woman-suffrage leader, b. England. She emigrated (1851) to the United States in early childhood and grew up on a farm in Michigan. She received a degree in the...

Plumptre, Edward Hayes

(Encyclopedia)Plumptre, Edward Hayes plŭmpˈtrē [key], 1821–91, English clergyman and classical scholar. At King's College, London, he was chaplain (1847–68), professor of pastoral theology (1853–63), and p...

original sin

(Encyclopedia)original sin, in Christian theology, the sin of Adam, by which all humankind fell from divine grace. Saint Augustine was the fundamental theologian in the formulation of this doctrine, which states th...

irredentism

(Encyclopedia)irredentism ĭrĭdenˈtĭzəm [key], originally, the Italian nationalist movement for the annexation to Italy of territories—Italia irredenta [unredeemed Italy]—inhabited by an Italian majority bu...

Gneisenau, August, Graf Neithardt von

(Encyclopedia)Gneisenau, August, Graf Neithardt von ouˈgo͝ost gräf nītˈhärt fən gənīˈzənou [key], 1760–1831, Prussian field marshal. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought at Jena (1806) and, as a major, won...

Macapagal, Diosdado

(Encyclopedia)Macapagal, Diosdado dēōsdäˈᵺō mäkäpägälˈ [key], 1911–97, president of the Philippines (1961–65). A forceful orator, Macapagal practiced law and later served in the Philippine diplomati...

Mendoza

(Encyclopedia)Mendoza, city (1991 pop. 773,559), capital of Mendoza prov., W Argentina. With a backdrop of snowcapped mountains, Mendoza is surrounded by a fertile oasis, known as the “Garden of the Andes,” irr...

Mikołajczyk, Stanislaus

(Encyclopedia)Mikołajczyk, Stanislaus stänēsˈläs mēkôwīˈchĭk [key], 1901–66, Polish politician and leader of the Polish Peasant party. After the German conquest of Poland, he became vice premier (1941) ...