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aristocracy

(Encyclopedia)aristocracy ărˌĭstŏkˈrəsē [key] [Gr.,=rule by the best], in political science, government by a social elite. In the West the political concept of aristocracy derives from Plato's formulation in...

Sun Tzu

(Encyclopedia)Sun Tzu so͞on dzo͞o [key], fl. c.500–320. b.c., name used by the unknown Chinese authors of the sophisticated treatise on philosophy, logistics, espionage, and strategy and tactics known as The Ar...

Tanaka, Giichi

(Encyclopedia)Tanaka, Giichi gē-ēˈchē täˈnäkä [key], 1863–1929, Japanese statesman and general. He is famous as the alleged author of the so-called Tanaka Memorial (1927), purporting to set forth Japan's ...

Rusk, Dean

(Encyclopedia)Rusk, Dean (David Dean Rusk), 1909–94, U.S. secretary of state (1961–69), b. Cherokee co., Ga. After teaching (1934–40) and serving in World War II, he entered (1946) the Dept. of State. In 1950...

Pulaski, Casimir

(Encyclopedia)Pulaski, Casimir käzēˈmyĕsh po͞oläˈskē [key], 1745–1779, Polish patriot and military commander in the American Revolution. Born in Podolia of a noble family, he participated with his father ...

Spínola, António Sebastião Ribeiro de

(Encyclopedia)Spínola, António Sebastião Ribeiro de əntôˈnyo͝o səbəstyouNˈ rēbĕēˈro͝o dĭ spēˈno͝olə [key], 1910–96, Portuguese army officer and political leader. Active in the colonial wars in...

submarine

(Encyclopedia)submarine, naval craft capable of operating for an extended period of time underwater. Submarines are almost always warships, although a few are used for scientific, business, or other purposes (see a...

Cham

(Encyclopedia)Cham ämādāˈ də nōāˈ [key], 1819–79, French caricaturist and lithographer. He abandoned a military career to produce over 4,000 designs, many of them caricatures and sketches of French and Al...

Este, town, Italy

(Encyclopedia)Este, town, in Venetia, NE Italy. It is an agricultural and light manufacturing center. The ancient Ateste, it was a center of civilization (10th–2d c...

Ambala

(Encyclopedia)Ambala əmbäˈlə [key], city, Haryana state, NW India. It is a district administrative headquarters, a military station, and a transportation center, with an airport and...