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Stewart, Dugald

(Encyclopedia)Stewart, Dugald, 1753–1828, Scottish philosopher. He studied at the Univ. of Edinburgh, later becoming professor of mathematics (1775–85) and of moral philosophy (1785–1810). After retiring he d...

reading, mental process

(Encyclopedia)reading, process of mentally interpreting written symbols. Facility in reading is an essential factor in educational progress, and instruction in this basic skill is a primary purpose of elementary ed...

cyclosis

(Encyclopedia)cyclosis sīklōˈsĭs [key], streaming of cytoplasm within a living cell without deformation of the external cell membrane. In some plant cells there is a rapid rotatory cytoplasmic movement, which i...

Coffin, William Sloane, Jr.

(Encyclopedia)Coffin, William Sloane, Jr., 1924–2006, American Protestant social activist, b. New York City, nephew of Henry Sloane Coffin. Strongly influenced by the social philosophy of Reinhold Niebuhr, Coffin...

feather star

(Encyclopedia)feather star, common name of a class of echinoderms that, as juveniles, are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk with rootlike branches; the mouth side faces upward. In the adult stage they break awa...

Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de

(Encyclopedia)Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de hwän ro͞oēthˈ dā äpōᵺäˈkä [key], 1754–1835, Spanish viceroy and military leader. He was sent to London by the Central Junta of Seville to gain English support again...

irritable bowel syndrome

(Encyclopedia)irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), condition characterized by constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea in the absence of any disease process. It is usually accompanied by abdomina...

French, John Denton Pinkstone, 1st earl of Ypres

(Encyclopedia)French, John Denton Pinkstone, 1st earl of Ypres ēˈprə [key], 1852–1925, British field marshal. After a long career in the army, during which he served in Sudan (1884–85) and in the South Afric...

Muhlenberg, William Augustus

(Encyclopedia)Muhlenberg, William Augustus myo͞oˈlənbûrg [key], 1796–1877, American Episcopal clergyman, hymn writer, and philanthropist, b. Philadelphia. He was a great-grandson of Heinrich Melchior Mühlenb...

lip reading

(Encyclopedia)lip reading, method by which the deaf are able to read the speech of others from the movements of the lips and mouth. It is sometimes referred to as speech reading, which technically also includes the...