(Encyclopedia) Mary I (Mary Tudor), 1516–58, queen of England (1553–58), daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragón.
During the spread of Protestantism in the reign of her half-brother, Edward…
(Encyclopedia) BonaparteBonapartebōˈnəpärt [key], Ital. BuonaparteBonapartebwōnäpärˈtā [key], family name of Napoleon I, emperor of the French.
Of the second generation of the family the most…
(Encyclopedia) John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, philanthropic institution founded 1978 by John D. MacArthur (1897–1978), owner of a prominent insurance company and other businesses, and…
(Encyclopedia) Henry II, 1519–59, king of France (1547–59), son of King Francis I. His robust physique contrasted with his weak and pliant disposition. Throughout his reign he was governed by Anne de…
(Encyclopedia) Poland, partitions of. The basic causes leading to the three successive partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) that eliminated Poland from the map were the decay and the internal disunity of…
(Encyclopedia) Newcastle, William Cavendish, duke of, 1593?–1676, English soldier and politician. Of great wealth, Cavendish became (1638) governor of the prince of Wales and a privy councilor.…
(Encyclopedia) ChenonceauxChenonceauxshənôNsōˈ [key], village, Indre-et-Loire dept., W central France, in Touraine, on the Cher River. It is famous for its château (built 1515–22), the residence,…
(Encyclopedia) Gruffydd ap Llywelyn or LlewelynGruffydd ap Llywelyn or Llewelyngrĭfˈĭᵺ äp hləwĕlˈĭn, l&oomacr;ĕlˈĭn [key], d. 1063, ruler of Wales (1039–63). A series of campaigns against other…
(Encyclopedia) John of Gaunt [Mid. Eng. Gaunt=Ghent, his birthplace], 1340–99, duke of Lancaster; fourth son of Edward III of England. He married (1359) Blanche, heiress of Lancaster, and through her…
