(Encyclopedia) Cenis, MontCenis, MontmôN sənēˈ [key], Ital. Moncenisio, Alpine pass, 6,831 ft (2,082 m) high, on the French-Italian border. It is one of the great invasion routes in Italian history.…
(Encyclopedia) Bagration, Piotr Ivanovich, PrinceBagration, Piotr Ivanovich, Princepyôˈtər ēväˈnəvyĭch bägrätēōnˈ [key], 1765–1812, Russian general in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He…
(Encyclopedia) Poncelet, Jean VictorPoncelet, Jean VictorzhäNˈ vēktôrˈ pôNslāˈ [key], 1788–1867, French mathematician and army engineer. He taught at the school of mechanics at Metz and at the…
(Encyclopedia) February Revolution, 1848, French revolution that overthrew the monarchy of Louis Philippe and established the Second Republic. General dissatisfaction resulted partly from the king's…
(Encyclopedia) Quadruple Alliance, any of several European alliances. The Quadruple Alliance of 1718 was formed by Great Britain, France, the Holy Roman emperor, and the Netherlands when Philip V of…
(Encyclopedia) Dalberg, Karl Theodor, Freiherr vonDalberg, Karl Theodor, Freiherr vonkärl tāˈədôrˌ frīˈhĕr fôn dälˈbĕrk [key], 1744–1817, German statesman, of an ancient noble family prominent in…
(Encyclopedia) Clausel or Clauzel, BertrandClausel or Clauzel, BertrandbĕrträNˈ klōzĕlˈ [key], 1772–1842, marshal of France. Having served in the French Revolutionary Wars and in the Napoleonic…
(Encyclopedia) Grabbe, Christian DietrichGrabbe, Christian Dietrichkrĭsˈtēän dēˈtrĭkh gräbˈə [key], 1801–36, German dramatist and journalist. Critical of “Shakespearomania,” Grabbe strove for a…
(Encyclopedia) Gérando, Joseph Marie deGérando, Joseph Marie dezhôzĕfˈ märēˈ də zhāräNdōˈ [key], 1772–1842, French philosopher and political figure. Joining the insurrection in Lyons against the…
(Encyclopedia) NemanNemannyĕˈmən [key], Ger. Memel, Lithuanian Nemanos, Pol. Niemen, river, c.580 mi (930 km) long, rising in central Belarus, SW of Minsk. It flows generally W to Grodno, then N and…
