(Encyclopedia) Pius IX, 1792–1878, pope (1846–78), an Italian named Giovanni M. Mastai-Ferretti, b. Senigallia; successor of Gregory XVI. He was cardinal and bishop of Imola when elected pope. For…
(Encyclopedia) SovetskSovetsksəvyĕtskˈ [key], formerly TilsitSovetsktĭlˈzĭt [key], town (1989 pop. 41,900), NW European Russia, on the Neman River at the mouth of the Tilse. It is a rail junction, a…
(Encyclopedia) Cormenin, Louis Marie de La Haye, vicomte deCormenin, Louis Marie de La Haye, vicomte delwē märēˈ də lä ā vēkôNtˈ də kôrmənăNˈ [key], 1788–1868, French politician, jurist, and…
(Encyclopedia) chauvinismchauvinismshōˈvənĭzəm [key], word derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier of the First French Empire. Used first for a passionate admiration of Napoleon, it now…
(Encyclopedia) Hofer, AndreasHofer, Andreasändrāˈäs hōˈfər [key], 1767–1810, Austrian patriot; son of a Tyrolean innkeeper. After its defeat by Napoleon I in 1805 Austria was forced to cede the Tyrol…
(Encyclopedia) Grévy, JulesGrévy, Juleszhül grāvēˈ [key], 1807–91, French statesman, president of France (1879–87). As a republican deputy after the February Revolution (1848), he sought to eliminate…
(Encyclopedia) Maury, Jean SiffreinMaury, Jean SiffreinzhäN sēfrăNˈ môrēˈ [key], 1746–1817, French churchman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A court preacher and writer before the French…
(Encyclopedia) Pakenham, Sir Edward MichaelPakenham, Sir Edward Michaelpăkˈənəm [key], 1778–1815, British general. He entered the army in 1794 and served in the wars against Napoleon I, emperor of…
(Encyclopedia) Bosio, François Joseph, BaronBosio, François Joseph, BaronfräNswäˈ zhôzĕfˈ bärôNˈ bôsyōˈ [key], 1769–1845, French sculptor. He was employed by Napoleon I to make the bas-reliefs for…
(Encyclopedia) Villeneuve, Pierre deVilleneuve, Pierre depyĕr də vēlnövˈ [key], 1763–1806, French admiral. He commanded the rear guard of the fleet in the disastrous battle of Abu Qir (1798). His…
