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Ossory, Thomas Butler, earl of

(Encyclopedia) Ossory, Thomas Butler, earl ofOssory, Thomas Butler, earl ofŏsˈərē [key], 1634–80, Irish nobleman; son of James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke of Ormonde. Created earl of Ossory in…

Victoria, empress of Germany

(Encyclopedia) Victoria (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa), 1840–1901, empress of Germany, daughter of Victoria of England. In 1858 she married the German crown prince (later Emperor Frederick III).…

Queen Elizabeth II: Reign and Life

Source: iStockHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II was born on April 21st, 1926, and died on September 8th, 2022, aged 96. This marks the end of the longest-reigning British monarch and the most popular…

Ferdinand, czar of Bulgaria

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand, 1861–1948, czar of Bulgaria (1908–18), after being ruling prince (1887–1908). A grandnephew of Ernest I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, he was chosen prince of Bulgaria after the…

History of the Gregorian Calendar

The Julian calendar is phased out Related Links History of the Calendar History of the Lunar Calendar History of the Egytpian Calendar History of the Roman (Julian) Calendar…

Queen Victoria

England's longest-ruling monarch by David Johnson Related Links The Victorian Era in LiteratureBritish Royal Family TreeHow To Get Your Own Royal TitleKingdoms and Monarchs of the…

How to Use The Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia is easy to use. All articles are arranged alphabetically with each article heading in boldface type. The headings of biographical articles are inverted and alphabetized by…

Eugénie

(Encyclopedia) EugénieEugéniey&oomacr;jēˈnē, Fr. özhānēˈ [key], 1826–1920, empress of the French (1853–70), consort of Napoleon III. Born in Spain, she was christened Eugenia María de Montijo de…

boyars

(Encyclopedia) boyarsboyarsbōyärzˈ [key], upper nobility in Russia from the 10th through the 17th cent. The boyars originally obtained influence and government posts through their military support of…